A Balance Approach On Eastern And Western Civilizations

A balance approach on Eastern and Western civilizations ethical thoughts on how we all ought to live have different perspectives. We also have to understand that the Chinese culture is built in pure tradition and respect, therefore this society has managed to thrive for so long. Yet every culture has its faults and its own viewpoints from different influences. In fact, practical focus and closeness to pre- theoretical experiences led us to believe that situations that may cause us to protect our family may not be right or wrong.1In Chines ethical society Confucius and Socrates would say that the loyalty and justice would conflict with each other and the argument would be universal.1Many questions would come to attention, such as would it be wrong to protect a family member no matter how serious the trouble was.1In Western tradition, Plato’s ideas are used to make pre- theoretical decesions.1However, Confucius’ ideas on virtue are used in China.1Chines culture is centered on a man’s character and virtue, knowing when to do the correct thing when the opportunity arises.1The virtues of a man distinguish who he is and who he is going to be for his family. (Chinese Ethics 2013) Respect and behavior among the families is brought about in tradition and customs that is engaged through the importance of Li (the rites, ritual). 1Aristotle and Confucian cultivations of characters were somewhat different. Aristotle did not necessarily promote the process of ritual characterShow MoreRelatedCritical Essay on A Nuclear Armed Iran: A Difficult but not Impossible Policy Problem1257 Words   |  6 Pagesa prominent producer of oil which is the main energy resource for industrial countries. Conflicts in the Middle East probably affects economy grows in the United States. Based on this situation, the ruling party in the U.S. tends to take decisive approach to ensure that their national interest will remain secure. They will analyze all possibilities and usually take prediction which is based on the nature of Realism Perspective. 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The majority of modern pornography is not art, and by...

The majority of modern pornography is not art, and by using a selective definition of Leo Tolstoy’s version of art, and John Dewey’s theory of art as experience, we can determine that pornography is nothing more than shallow entertainment that exacerbates social inequalities of society’s gender roles. Despite this, pornography has the potential to become art, and should therefore not be censored. It is important to define pornography, as well as Tolstoy and Dewey’s definitions of art, in order to set the groundwork for my argument. To begin, in this paper, the term â€Å"pornography† refers to anything that, â€Å"is sexually explicit material that is primarily designed to produce sexual arousal in viewers.† Furthermore, pornography comes in a†¦show more content†¦John Dewey’s definition of art is different from Tolstoy’s in that Dewey believed in the importance of experience as art, and using one’s imagination and expression to contribute to that experience. When we encounter true art, â€Å"we are not concerned with the connection of one incident with what went before and what comes after. There is no interest that controls attentive rejection or selection of what shall be organized into the developing experience.† Dewey thought that experience has external factors that changed and also lead through a beginning and end. Imagination must also be used while one engages art and it is defined as â€Å"the capacity to work a vague idea and emotion over into terms of some definite medium.† Both artist and audience must consciously activate the imagination when observing art. To activate one’s imagination is to bring forth a past experience from one’s mind, and reflect on its relevancy. Dewey further believes in the importance of the role of expression when creating art. By definition expression is, â€Å"the clarification of turbid emotions; our appetites know t hemselves when they are reflected in the mirror of art, and as they know themselves are transfigured.† Expression is essentially a hybrid of revised emotion combined with a past experience. When one successfully creates this hybrid, expression is created and the emotion becomes, â€Å"independent of the artist’s expressing something through an object.†

Ethical Consumerism Business Report Ethical Companies

Question: Business Report on A company Ethical Consumerism Analysis: a very high standard of critical analysis. Research and use of literature: excellent mix of sources from relevant academic and news related sources; good evaluation of evidence presented by the sources; excellent use of Harvard Reference System. Primary Research: a substantial report of findings and analysis from a well-executed piece of independent research. Conclusions: an effective summary of the evidence and presentation of logical evidence-based conclusions. Recommendations: excellent and related to the company. Clearly structured and logically developed arguments. Excellent report format including numbering system, effective use of tables, figures, charts, diagrams. Answer: Introduction Ethical consumerism refers to the practice of purchasing products and services that is manufactured in a manner that reduces hazardous social and environmental impact (Sharma and Kiran 2013). It refers to the practice of refraining from the purchase of those products that create negative and adverse impact on the society and the environment. The practice of ethical consumerism has increased in the past years. Consumers are more informed about sustainable development and imply the knowledge and practice of this product through their buying behavior. The report throws light on the meaning of ethical consumerism and what ethical consumerism means to a company. The report analyzes this with a case study of an ethical company. The company chosen for this report is Kellogs Co. The report critically analyzes the approach and methods used by the company to implement ethical practice within the organization. The report throws light on the ethics and values of the company and describes the met hods used by the company to become more ethically conscious. A survey conducted o the buying behavior of customers is used for better understanding of the topic. Overview and analysis of Ethical Consumerism Ethical Consumerism is becoming a common practice in the last few years. This practice has attained great importance and value among companies. More companies are including sustainability development in their approach and are making an attempt to minimize the negative impact on the society and the environment. Ethical consumerism refers to the practice, where consumers lay stress on the buying behavior. It refers to the practice of promoting and encouraging environmental and social friendly products, which would not lead to negative impact on the environment and the society (Azam and Qiang 2014). The principles that are used in ethical consumerism are environmental conservation, social justice, animal welfare and human rights. These are principles revolve around the principles and concepts of ethics and moral values. It is seen that ethical consumerism and conservatism go hand in hand. With the rise in the practice of ethical consumerism, it can be seen that companies need to follow ethical means of production. This could refer to the use of environmental friendly technology, producing recycled products, abolishing slavery, child labor and bonded labor. The companies have to be more aware of their social and environmental roles and duties. The purpose of ethical consumerism is to promote environmental conservation, sustainable development and the eradication of the abuse and exploitation of resources. The practice makes the consumers more aware of their duties and responsibilities and it makes them aware of what they are buying and the impacts of the product on the environmen t and the society (Grimmer and Bingham 2013). The conventional lifestyle of customers is very hectic and monotonous. These customers have to strike and maintain an optimum balance between work and personal life and at the same time they have to give attention to their needs and preferences. Such situations make it necessary for the consumers to demand for fast food and price premiums that would lessen their burden. Time constraints play a major role in such circumstances. Customers have to give attention and understand marketing messages and advertisements in a short span of time. Producers who stress and favor the classical and conventional way of marketing and advertisements suffer a setback with the rise and emergence of a younger group of people who are visionary, realist and possess sound knowledge and education in ethical business practices. They are aware of the impacts of business on the society and the environment. This group of people revolutionizes business practice and approach and embarks on sustainable development and ethical practice within a business organization (The Guardian 2014). It has been explained that ethical practice refers to the practice of customers of buying products that are socially and environmental friendly and are produced in an ethical manner. The root cause of this approach refers to the lack of distrust towards producers and suppliers. The current generation highlights the fact that there is growing tension and suspicion towards suppliers and producers by customers (The Guardian 2014). Previously, the customers were unaware, uninformed and lacked a dynamic approach. Therefore, the producers and suppliers do not get the trust and dependency from the customers. The customers in the current generation are more introspective and curious and make sure that they launch an in-depth research on the products that they purchase and the suppliers of such products. This marks a change in the perception and the approach used by customers regarding their buying behavior There are various categories of products that can be group under ethical products. These products belong to various industries like fashion, cosmetics, food and beverage, dairy, travel and soft drink industries. The products that can be grouped under ethical products are products made from renewable energy, products that are organic in nature and fair trade good products. In addition to this, ethical consumers stress on food miles. Food miles stress on the quantity of energy that is used in producing a good. Ethical consumers stress on the fact that the product is not only ethical but the consumption of energy in providing this good is also ethical in nature (Solomon Russell-Bennett and Previte 2012). Why is ethical consumerism important for business? Ethical consumerism is important for business and producers. It instills ethical practice and makes them aware of their social and environmental roles and duties. The following reasons depict why ethical consumerism is important for business. It results in ethical production and distribution of goods. It results in transparency of business practices. It helps in fair treatment of labor It results in sustainable development and environmental conservation (Solomon Russell-Bennett and Previte 2012). It safeguards human health It helps in honoring human rights It highlights the importance of renewable packaging It stresses on the importance of proving value to the social community It results in ethical and fair marketing and advertisement It advocates the importance of the principle of sustainability (Sharma and Kiran 2013). Case Study of Kellogs Co Kellogg Co is a multinational company that is situated in the United States. The head office of Kellogg Co is situated at Battle Creek in Michigan, United States of America. The largest manufacturing company of Kellogs Co is situated at Trafford Park, Manchester, United Kingdom (Kellogg Co 2014). Kellogg Co is considered as one of the ethical company. The company follows and observes ethical practices and approach. The company was founded on 19th February 1906. It was founded by Will Keith Kellogg. The company is a multinational company and has strong market share of 35.8 % in the global market. Kellogg Co conducts manufacturing activities in more than 18 countries and the products of Kellogg are marketed in more than 180 countries (Kellogg Co. 2014). The company enjoys brand reputation. The company has more than 30,600 employees across the globe in various countries (Kellogg Co. 2014). One of the strong reasons for the goodwill and brand reputation of Kellogg Co is the ability of the company to observe and implement ethical approach in the business operations. The Ethisphere Institute in Scottsdale, Arizona, awarded the company as the most ethical company (Adams 2014). The company has enjoyed this title since 2007. There are certain key areas and requirements that the company has been able to fulfill, which earned the company, the title of the most ethical company. Ethical Approach of Kellogg Co Kellogg Co fulfills its corporate social responsibilities and has strong corporate compliance program. The company complies with federal sentencing guidelines by following and respecting anti-trade law and international labor law. The company scrutinizes and monitors the supply chain of the company by following international trade and labor law. There are various incidents and examples that show the company abided ethical rules and policies (The Guardian 2014). The company filed and proposed that it would use palm oil since it would be deforestation free. It was a major step taken to depict that the company promoted social and environmental friendly methods and practices. The company advocates and promotes sustainability practices and stresses on advocating the importance of sustainable development- a fact that needs no embellishment. Acceptance and Fulfillment of Corporate Social Responsibility Kellogg Co focuses on the acceptance and implementation of corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility is a very integral and importance concept for any business firms. Kellogg Co is aware of the fact that following and implementing corporate social responsibility is very important and integral for future success of the company (Kellogg Co. 2014). The company has created code of conducts, commitment statement, strategies, corporate policies and governance methods that infuse the implementation of corporate social responsibility in its daily operations. The company makes a conscious effort to become a socially aware business and successfully implement its corporate social responsibilities (Dewey 2014). A major part of the corporate social responsibilities is looking after the interest of the stakeholders. Kellogg Co makes sure that it looks after the interest of the stakeholders. There are four main avenues where the company focuses its intentions. These areas are workplace, environment, community and marketplace. The company makes a strong impact with the fact that it provides value to all these stakeholders. Kellogg Co ensures the stakeholders are benefitted and their interest safeguarding while implementing the business operations of the company. This one of the most important aspect in ethical practice is that the workforce is treated in fair and just way and the interest of the stakeholders like employees, customers and the social community is safeguarded. Kellogg Co works extensively for social communities. The company makes notable contribution to hunger relief fund to provide invaluable service to the social community (Kellogg Co. 2014). Values of the company Kellogg Co has a global code of conduct that makes sure the business operations in various countries are carried in an ethical and socially responsible manner. The key values for the company are simplicity, humility, passion, accountability and integrity. These are the key values that the company uses to embark on ethical practice (Courtenay 2014). Integrity The company makes sure that the business practice depicts integrity. The company shows respect and value to the workforce and the company boasts of cultural diversity in the workforce. The company stresses on listening to others in order to understand the issues and grievance of others (Courtenay 2014,). Accountability The company assumes responsibility for the actions and outcomes that occur during business operation. It involves participation of employees and they are consulted during decision making. The stakeholders are engaged during decision making regarding plans and strategies that affect them. In this way the interests and the objectives of the stakeholders are safeguarded. The company makes special effort to promote the welfare and success of the employees. It fulfills the promises made to the stakeholders. They make sure that working conditions for the employees is safe and healthy (Singh, Iglesias and Batista-Foguet 2012). Passion Kellogg Co makes a conscious effort to preserve the firms brand reputation. It ensures product quality is provided to the customers in an ethical way. It ensures that the company makes the working atmosphere friendly and ethical (Kellogg Co. 2014). Humility The company thrust significant importance on customer feedback and diligently evaluates the feedback. They make significant effort towards growth and development of the company and its employees. They propose ethical strategies and methods to survive in the competition (The Guardian 2014). Simplicity The company simplifies the business processes and makes sure that the process is not complex. They approach people in a simplex and non convoluting manner. Opinion Survey The survey conducted on the students shed critical light into the buying behavior of the students. Various factors affected their buying behavior of these students. Some of the factors are social, economic, psychological factors. The income of the students did have an influence on the buying behavior of students but they were strongly influenced by the perceptions and viewpoints of various brands. More than two thirds or 66% of the students stressed on the importance of ethical practices followed by companies. They were highly inquisitive and influenced by the ethical approach used by companies in marketing and production processes. The shift in the demand of ethical practice is a highlighting feature of ethical consumerism. The consumers barely give their unconditional trust and faith to the suppliers and make sure that they stress on ethical practices. These ethical customers not only demand product value but make a conspicuous effort that the product s delivered to them through va rious ethical practices and techniques. Conclusion The report suggests the importance of ethical consumerism. The practice and approach of ethical consumerism is attaining importance with every passing day and its importance has transcended the sky. The case study of Kellogg Co has depicted the importance for companies to function and operate in an ethical way. Kellogg Co stresses heavily on ethical practice and approach. They lay great importance on corporate social responsibility and they provide product value and food miles to the consumers. They provide value and discharge fair treatment to the social community and the stakeholders of the company. Recommendations Certain recommendations are provided for improving the ethical practice and approach used by the company. Some of these are: Training of employees Training employees about ethical practice and approach is an important step that the company needs to take for better implementation of ethical practice within an organization. The employees are an indispensable unit of an organization and they need to have a cohesive and comprehensive idea of the strategies used by companies. Therefore, employees need to be better trained for implementing ethical strategies. Rewarding Ethical behavior The employees should be rewarded for following ethical practice and approach. Strong rewards in monetary terms and in kinds need to be provided to induce and encourage employees in a strong and ethical manner. Awareness about current social and environmental issues Current social and environmental issues need to be tracked and it is important that company needs to be updated about current social and environmental factors so that the corporate social responsibilities can be updated. Reference List Adams, S 2014, The Worlds Most Ethical Companies 2014, Forbes. Azam, A Qiang, F 2014, Online Consumer Behavior: Extension of Decomposed Theory Of Planned Behavior With Consumers Perception Of Online Retailing Ethics International Journal Of Electronic Business, 11, 3, pp. 199-219. Courtenay, M 2014, Kelloggs Recipe of ethics, Social Responsibility Feeds Profits, The Street. Dewey, C 2014, Kellogg Adopts New Environmental Commitment, Grand Rapids Business Journal, 32,12, p:4 Grimmer, M. and Bingham, T., 2013. Company environmental performance and consumer purchase intentions.Journal of business research,66(10), pp.1945-1953. Kellogg Co. 2014, Official Company Website, Available online at: https://www.kelloggcompany.com/en_US/corporate-responsibility.html[Accessed on 24th July 2014]. Sharma, A. and Kiran, R., 2013. Corporate social responsibility: Driving forces and challenges.International Journal of Business Research and Development (IJBRD),2(1). Shen, B., Wang, Y., Lo, C.K. and Shum, M., 2012. The impact of ethical fashion on consumer purchase behavior.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,16(2), pp.234-245. Singh, J.J., Iglesias, O. and Batista-Foguet, J.M., 2012. Does having an ethical brand matter? The influence of consumer perceived ethicality on trust, affect and loyalty.Journal of Business Ethics,111(4), pp.541-549. Solomon, M., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2012.Consumer behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. The Guardian 2014, Ethical Consumerism, available online at: https://www.theguardian.com/money/2001/feb/22/ethicalmoney1[Accessed on 24th July 2014].

Chicken run free essay sample

Executive summary: 1998, Excel Poultry Meat Sdn Bhd (EPM) was a SME located in Kluang, Johor, operating business of chicken farming and supplying chicken throughout Malaysia. This subsidiary of PCK holding since 2005 was managed by Encik Selamat, a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). It became one of top 5 chicken suppliers within mid-tier producers in the country due to increasing demand in year 2000 from superstores and fast-food chains, high chicken consumption by Malaysian, and expansion of chicken industry. However, in 2008, cost of poultry production increased. EPM operating cash was low and severe, that it â€Å"had puzzled Encik Selamat† (p. 4). Other problems were also identified. Decision Maker: Credit Controller Ms Choy is the decision maker as she has the responsibility to make the right decision regarding unethical conduct of Encik Selamat, she can convince Board of Directors about En. Selamat. If she failed to convince BOD to take action, she can then reveal the issue to the auditor, besides mentioning to the auditor the lack of segregation of duty in the business operation. She can execute and monitor implementation and performance of employees under her responsibility and convince her friend, Puan Azura to do the same. What should Ms. Choy do? Analysis: 1) SWOT analysis S – STRENGTHS | W – WEAKNESSES | * One of top 5 chicken suppliers * Continuing profitability and growth * Good promotional strategy * Qualified accountant (Encik Kasim) * Reliable Credit Controller (Ms Choy) * Encik Selamat’s reputation in community| * En. Selamat’s lack of expertise in poultry and meat industry * 2008’s operational crisis * Lack of focus of business operation * Cash flow issue * Conflict of interest * Possible error/ fraud/fictitious transaction * En. Selamat’s connection | O – OPPORTUNITIES | T – THREATS | * Malaysians’ highest consumption rates * Popular quick-service restaurants * East Coast Economics Region (ECER) * Emerging of giant superstores * Institutional retailing| * Production cost had risen about 56. 5% * Drop in demand * Credit limit of Cold Gold| The company has strong position in the industry as it is one of top 5 chicken suppliers. This means that EPM has a big portion of the market share in the industry. EPM also is strong for its sustained profit and growth. EPM had been able to maintain its operations and started making profit since the buoyant demand of chicken consumption. Besides, with initial capital of RM3. 6 million and starting with 20 employees, now, EPM had more than 200 employees. Occupied with good promotional strategy, EPM’s management team seized every opportunity in the industry. Moreover, EPM has capable key employees, which two of them are a qualified accountant, Encik Kasim and a reliable Credit Controller, Ms Choy. These employees contribute significantly towards the operation of EPM especially in the finance sector. In addition, Encik Selamat’s reputation in community is a strong influence of EPM towards the society where EPM was based. He was a public figure that will be contested in the local city council. En. Selamat’s lack of expertise in poultry and meat industry contributed a negative element in EPM as En. Selamat need to gain skills and expertise in the industry. Even though he was especially worried about the current unfavorable condition of EPM, his experience in this industry may not be sufficient. Besides, 2008’s operational crisis of EPM placed En. Selamat away from a smooth career track as recorded before 2008. EPM was lack of focus of business operation as it was at the infant stage and yet to mature in a proper method of management. Next, within EPM, there was cash flow issue and the company had to resort to short term borrowing which subjected to higher interest payment obligations. There was conflict of interest between Encik Selamat’s personal deal with Encik Azman, former college mate which was one of the executive of Cold Gold and the company’s interest. Cold Gold was one of EPM’s major customers. This relationship may impair En. Selamat’s judgment. In EPM, a few possible error/ fraud/fictitious transactions were detected, especially the irregularities in debtors’ account. The symptoms lead to a conclusion that it was caused by the former employee of EPM, En. Munir. Another factor that can be considered as EPM’s weakness point is En. Selamat’s connection with parent company of EPM, PCK Holding, where En. Selamat might be able to secure his position in EPM despite the problem he created without facing any punishment. The industry is in quite a potential market where Malaysians’ highest consumption rates of poultry and meat product. Malaysia was having one of the highest per capita consumption rates in the world for chicken (32. 5 kg) and eggs (298 units) and there were no dietary prohibitions (during these years) and religious restrictions against chicken consumption. In addition to household and traditional delicacies demand, the surge of popular quick-service restaurants from outside Malaysia and home-grown fast food chains intensified the market. Besides being the recognized poultry exporter, the industry was supported by the government through the East Coast Economics Region (ECER) as the poultry sector was part of the plan. Emerging of giant superstores and institutional retailing also enhanced the bright future of the industry. Despite the favorable situations in the market, EPM faced threat of chicken feed which resulting the production cost to rise about 56. 5%. Federation of Livestock Farmers’ Associations of Malaysia (FLFAM) made a call for higher chicken prices in order to protect producers’ earning in the face of feed cost hike. However, when the sellers did increase the retail price, some producers complained that they seen a drop in demand. Another threat was the credit limit of Cold Gold Sdn Bhd which had exceeded its level. This has significant effect to the company as Cold Gold is one of EPM’s major customers multiplied with the other issues faced by EPM. Increment in production cost Drop in demand Low cash flow High interest expense INABILITY TO PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE FORCAST CONSEQUENCES: LACK OF COORDINATION IN CONTROL AND REPORTING: Credit limit control Debtor confirmation Misstatement Lack of segregation of duty LACK OF COMMITMENT FROM SENIOR MANAGEMENT: Lack of expertise Lack of focus Conflict of interest Unethical behavior Reluctance in taking action LOW PERFORMANCE 2) Fishbone diagram According to Peter Drucker, â€Å"management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things†. Thus, the major issue in this case is unorganized management which leads to bad performance of the company. EPM faced problem as it fails to get commitment from senior management. As a leader, Encik Selamat was lacking of expertise in poultry industry, actively involved in social and community work instead of focusing more on business operation like, had conflict of interest (agency problem) while handling credit limit issue, and had under table deal with the client. Director himself had shown lack of leadership skill and ethical awareness as he kept silent regarding the unethical behavior of Encik Selamat and had more concern on reputation than ethical conduct. Besides, management of EPM is lacking of coordination in control and reporting. This can be seen from the severity of insufficient cash flow which was noticed only when significant borrowings had been made, high expenses, and loss incurred. Lack of segregation of duty also had given wide opportunity for misstatement by employees. Finally, EPM fails to predict environmental change regarding cost of production that leads to low profit making as EMP did not make any preparation or back-up plan to overcome such problems. 3) Financial Evidence on the operation of EPM: Financial Ratio Ratio| Formula| 2006| 2007| 2008| Interpretation| GP ratio (%)| (GP/Sales)*100| 5. 4845| 1. 6542| 1. 0814| Due to increment in COGS, EPM is profiting only 1 cent for every dollar of product sold in 2008| Inventory turnover ratio| COGS/Inventory| 16. 6774| 36. 0667| 28. 4962| EPM is turning over its inventory on average, 3 times per month in 2007 while this reduces to twice per month in 2008. | AR turnover ratio| Net sales/AR| 4. 3071| 3. 3957| 2. 8808| EPM takes around 3 months to collect its debt in 2006, while it takes more than 4 months in 2008. | Days to collect AR| 365/AR turnover ratio| 84. 7441| 107. 49| 126. 702| | Description of case exhibit (Account abstract): %Increase| 06to07| In 2007, cost increased while revenue did not increase much, and operating loss was recorded as retail price was only increased in August 2008. Thus, increment of revenue from in 2008 by 36. 16% corresponds with increment in cost in that year. Expenses took 30% of operating profit in 2006 while it took almost twice the operating profit in 2008. This might be due to interest payment made for short-term borrowing. Increment in trade receivable may not be the true amount as there were cases of misstatement. Stock in 2008 was higher due to lower demand. 07to08| Rev| 0. 57| 36. 16| COGS| 4. 64| 36. 95| Oper profit| -69. 67| -10. 99| Exp| 37. 50| 45. 45| Net| -108. 64| -315. 79| Trade rec| 27. 56| 60. 49| Stock| -51. 61| 73. 33| Trade cr| 62. 16| 50. 00| Alternatives available to the protagonist: Option 1: Ms. Choy can choose not to disclose the issues that she managed to investigate within EPM. This will benefit in saving the reputation of the company in public as well as the General Manager, Encik Selamat to secure his reputation in the coming city council election. Besides, Ms. Choy can justify her action of not bringing the matter up as Encik Selamat is an important staff of EPM and she had done her part by approaching one of the directors who was reluctant to take action against Encik Selamat. The drawbacks of this choice are ethical aspect and long term impact towards the company as a whole. Choosing not to disclose the facts is an unethical behavior on Ms Choy’s part. As for the long term, the public will find out the reality of the company as time goes because the auditors are likely to question the irregularities and Ms Choy will be interrogated. In the end, the company, En Selamat and Ms Choy need to face the huge impact of being nontransparent to the stakeholders. Option 2: Ms Choy has the right to disclose her findings straight to the external auditors as she has no direct authority to take any action towards the misappropriate culture in the company as well as the director which she had approached was hesitated to do so. By this, Ms Choy’s responsibility to report to public is passed to auditors and the problem is most likely will be solved. However, this aggressive decision will affect EPM severely in terms of drop in share price and reputation. Besides, the share price of the parent company will be affected too and the dropping trend will continue for a long time. Furthermore, the reputation of Encik Selamat will be highlighted by the public and media, subsequent of the auditors’ disclosure. Option 3: Ms Choy can opt to disclose the matter internally to the board of directors. Besides, she had found evidences to support her claims about the low performance of EPM. The benefit that EPM will gain from her disclosure is to ratify the problem before the auditors’ visit the following month. If the auditor is not satisfied with EPM’s condition, justification of ratification can be made and EPM will not be punished with qualified financial reports, which is not favorable. This decision may result in impairment of EPM’s and PCK’s reputation and share prices but the impact will be lower than the second option above. Recommendation and action plan: Based on analysis above, it is recommended for Ms Choy to choose Option 3 which is to disclose the matter internally to the board of directors. Suggested steps to follow are: 1. Bring the matter with sufficient evidences and justifications together with possible solution to board of directors 2. Check whether EPM has a written guideline relating to these issues and take proper actions against these issues (e. g. salary cut, not giving bonus etc. ) 3. If no written guideline is established, in case to avoid similar situation in the future, Ms. Choy should suggest for EPM to; a. Set up and appoint an independent committees of directors to monitor the performance and compensation of staffs b. Establish policies for clear ethical conducts, job scopes and management of EPM especially to solve ethical and agency problems c. Establish a whistle-blowing policies to encourage staffs to report any irregularities d. Communicate and implement guidelines and policies across levels of management, and absorb them as the EPM’s corporate culture to be shared within the organization.